Which theory describes employees as needing direction and avoiding responsibility?

The rationale behind the choice of Theory X as the correct answer lies in its foundational principles regarding employee motivation and management. Developed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s, Theory X posits that employees inherently dislike work, lack ambition, and are inclined to avoid responsibility. As a result, this theory suggests that such individuals require close supervision, direction, and a structured environment in order to perform effectively.

The application of Theory X is often seen in traditional management approaches, where authority is centralized and employees are viewed as needing guidance to complete their tasks. This perspective reflects a belief that a strong emphasis on control and direction is necessary to motivate workers who, according to this theory, may not be intrinsically motivated to contribute positively to the organization.

In contrast, Theory Y posits that employees are self-motivated, seek responsibility, and are capable of self-direction, while Theory Z focuses on a consensus-driven approach with an emphasis on trust and teamwork. Contingency Theory posits that management strategies should vary according to the context or situation, rather than following a one-size-fits-all approach. Understanding these theories helps in recognizing different management styles and employee motivations in the workplace.