Which of the following is NOT a method for evaluating programs?

A literature review is primarily a method for gathering existing information and findings from various sources rather than a direct evaluation of a particular program. It involves analyzing prior research, theoretical frameworks, or case studies to inform program development or implementation. While useful for understanding the context in which a program operates and backing the rationale for its design, it does not measure outcomes or effectiveness of a specific program directly.

In contrast, methods like a pretest-posttest assess knowledge or skill acquisition before and after a program, thereby providing observable data on the program's impact. Skills tests assess the competency of participants in practical applications related to the program goals, and observation allows for real-time assessments of behaviors or practices in situ. These methods yield direct insights into how well a program is performing against its objectives, making them suitable for evaluation purposes.