What term refers to formal relationships between or among organizations?

The term that refers to formal relationships between or among organizations is "Coalition." A coalition is typically formed when multiple organizations come together with a shared goal, often to address a specific issue or to achieve certain outcomes. This collaboration is designed to leverage the strengths of each member organization in a way that maximizes the effectiveness of their collective efforts.

Coalitions are typically characterized by their structured and systematic approach to collaboration, often formalized through agreements or contractual relationships. They benefit from the pooling of resources, expertise, and capabilities, allowing member organizations to tackle challenges more effectively than they could individually.

The other terms, while related to cooperation between entities, do not specifically imply the same level of formality or shared objectives as a coalition. An alliance may indicate a collaborative relationship but doesn't necessarily imply a structured agreement; a network involves a less formal arrangement focused on connectivity rather than joint action; and a partnership could be synonymous with coalition in practice, but it usually refers to a specific type of cooperative relationship where legal or financial commitments are made, which is not always implied in the context of a coalition.